Consolidated sources.
Examples of the peer-reviewed literature, legal authorities, and source materials that support the method — the evidence base for this educational resource.
Barth RJ, Brigham CR. Who is in the better position to evaluate - the treating physician or an independent evaluator? AMA Guides Newsletter. September/October 2005. [Not PubMed-indexed]
Barth RJ. Determining injury-relatedness, work-relatedness, and claim-relatedness. AMA Guides Newsletter. May/June 2012. [Not PubMed-indexed]
Battié MC, Videman T, Gibbons LE, Fisher LD, Manninen H, Gill K. 1995 Volvo Award in clinical sciences. Determinants of lumbar disc degeneration. A study relating lifetime exposures and magnetic resonance imaging findings in identical twins. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1995;20(24):2601-2612. doi:10.1097/00007632-199512150-00001. PubMed: PMID 8747238
Battié MC, Videman T, Kaprio J, Gibbons LE, Gill K, Manninen H, Saarela J, Peltonen L. The Twin Spine Study: contributions to a changing view of disc degeneration. Spine J. 2009;9(1):47-59. doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2008.11.011. PubMed: PMID 19111259
Bernard BP, ed. Musculoskeletal Disorders and Workplace Factors: A Critical Review of Epidemiologic Evidence for Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders of the Neck, Upper Extremity, and Low Back. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; 1997. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-141. [Not PubMed-indexed]
Brigham CR, Brooks CN, Talmage JB. Evaluating causation for the opposite lower limb. AMA Guides Newsletter. May/June 2012. [Not PubMed-indexed]
Brooks CN, Melhorn JM. Apportionment. In: Melhorn JM, Talmage JB, Ackerman WE III, Hyman MH, eds. AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Disease and Injury Causation. 2nd ed. American Medical Association; 2014:139-148. [Not PubMed-indexed]
Hill AB. The environment and disease: association or causation? Proc R Soc Med. 1965;58(5):295-300. doi:10.1177/003591576505800503. PubMed: PMID 14283879
Höfler M. The Bradford Hill considerations on causality: a counterfactual perspective. Emerg Themes Epidemiol. 2005;2:11. doi:10.1186/1742-7622-2-11. PubMed: PMID 16269083
Lozano-Calderón S, Anthony S, Ring D. The quality and strength of evidence for etiology: example of carpal tunnel syndrome. J Hand Surg Am. 2008;33(4):525-538. doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2008.01.004. PubMed: PMID 18406957
Melhorn JM, Talmage JB, Ackerman WE III, Hyman MH, editors. AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Disease and Injury Causation. 2nd ed. Chicago, IL: American Medical Association; 2014.
Melhorn JM, Hegmann KT, Talmage JB, Hyman MH, Ackerman WE III. Chapter 4 Methodology. In: Melhorn JM, Talmage JB, Ackerman WE III, Hyman MH, eds. AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Disease and Injury Causation. 2nd ed. American Medical Association; 2014:115-138. Note: Includes the six-step framework, evidence rating, and Table 4-1 as identified in the source list.
Rondinelli RD, Genovese E, Katz RT, et al, eds. AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment. 6th ed. American Medical Association; 2008. [Not PubMed-indexed]
Rothman KJ. Causes. Am J Epidemiol. 1976;104(6):587-592. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112335. PubMed: PMID 998606
Daubert v Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc, 509 US 579 (1993); Fed R Evid 702. [Leading federal admissibility / gatekeeping authority.]
Frye v United States, 293 F 1013 (DC Cir 1923). [General-acceptance admissibility authority.]
General Electric Co v Joiner, 522 US 136 (1997). [Federal expert-admissibility authority.]
Kumho Tire Co v Carmichael, 526 US 137 (1999). [Federal expert-admissibility authority extending gatekeeping to technical and specialized knowledge.]